On April 20, the value of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil fell beneath $0 for the primary time in historical past. A sudden plunge took the value of WTI from roughly $17 per barrel to minus $38 per barrel—for a complete drop of $55 per barrel.
To place the occasion into perspective, the value of WTI crude oil is the first benchmark for U.S. oil costs, in addition to one of many three principal international benchmarks for the commodity. Since 1983, the value of WTI crude oil has ranged from round $10 to $140 per barrel. Firstly of this yr, the value of WTI briefly surpassed $60 per barrel earlier than starting to fall because the coronavirus outbreak unfold the world over.
Now that we’ve seen crude oil costs fall briefly into destructive territory, what does this imply for shoppers and buyers? As for shoppers, it’s not going that we’ll take pleasure in free gasoline after we refill on the fuel station—sadly. However decrease crude oil costs could result in decrease costs for gasoline and, on account of decrease transportation prices, a drop in prices for some manufactured items. Traders who may very well be affected by these elements ought to maintain a detailed eye on the scenario.
Provide and Demand
The value of crude oil relies on provide and demand. The world’s largest oil producers embody the U.S., Russia, and the 13 member international locations of OPEC. Collectively, these three sources produce about 60 p.c of the world’s provide of crude oil.
Crude oil is refined into power merchandise, together with gasoline, diesel gas, jet gas, and heating oil. From a requirement standpoint, crude oil is most closely used as a gas for our varied modes of transportation, together with plane, boats, automobiles, vans, and trains. Given transportation’s excessive ranges of consumption, international crude oil demand is carefully tied to financial exercise on this sector.
Futures Markets and Oil Costs
Crude oil costs are based mostly on futures markets. Crude oil has a number of pricing factors, with costs various throughout completely different geographic areas on account of elements together with provide, demand, storage capability, and transportation prices. As a result of WTI, a high-quality oil sourced primarily in Texas, is the preferred U.S. benchmark for crude oil, its value is often quoted by the information media. Cushing, Oklahoma, is the supply and value settlement level for WTI crude oil contracts, and the encompassing area has the most important quantity of oil storage capability within the U.S. Probably the most generally used oil benchmark exterior of the U.S. is Brent Crude, which is sourced from 4 completely different fields within the North Sea space.
Futures Contracts
A futures contract is a contractual settlement to purchase or promote a selected commodity at a predetermined value. Futures contracts are traded on an organized trade and have completely different expiration dates. For instance, WTI futures contracts expire on a month-to-month foundation. At any cut-off date, consumers (i.e., holders of a protracted futures contract) can shut their place by promoting an an identical place. Once they achieve this, the lengthy place and brief place ought to web to zero. In different instances, a purchaser takes bodily possession of the commodity and shops it when the futures contract expires.
Why Costs Went Detrimental
On April 20, the Could contract for WTI crude oil futures was set to run out the following day, and its value fell to minus $38 per barrel. Why? Storage capability was anticipated to be full in Cushing, Oklahoma, on account of lack of demand attributable to the worldwide financial slowdown. With no place to retailer oil, holders of the Could contract turned determined. They needed to promote their contracts to keep away from taking supply of bodily barrels of oil, primarily paying merchants to take away this obligation. In distinction, June WTI contracts remained greater. The chart beneath illustrates the divergence in costs for the Could and June WTI contracts because the Could contract neared expiration.
Fundamentals in Play
As of this writing (on April 23, 2020), the value for WTI crude oil is $18 per barrel. The destructive pricing we noticed for the Could WTI contract highlighted the results of an oversupplied oil market following the worldwide shelter-in-place insurance policies. Stock ranges have been rising, and storage capability was turning into full in some areas.
OPEC and Russia just lately agreed to chop oil manufacturing by about 10 p.c, however the announcement didn’t raise oil costs. The oil market may have a fast financial restoration or additional manufacturing cuts by OPEC and Russia to scale back the oversupplied market and transfer oil costs greater within the close to time period.
Implications for Traders
Traders must be cautious of funding merchandise (reminiscent of exchange-traded funds and exchange-traded notes) that present publicity to crude oil futures contracts. These kind of merchandise are designed for short-term holding intervals. Their funding efficiency can deviate considerably from the trajectory of oil costs, relying on elements such because the holding interval and the form and steepness of the futures curve.
No funding merchandise immediately observe the value of oil, provided that oil will not be storable for funding functions aside from futures buying and selling. Some funding autos, reminiscent of power corporations and funds that maintain power corporations, can present buyers with publicity to grease costs. The inventory costs for power corporations are delicate to grease costs as a result of the revenues and money flows are tied to enterprise actions associated to the manufacturing, transportation, storage, and refining of oil.
In sum, the trajectory of crude oil costs will proceed to vary in 2020 in accordance with provide and demand—one thing that buyers could be clever to bear in mind.
Editor’s Notice: The authentic model of this text appeared on the Impartial
Market Observer.
